A recent entry from Pepys Diary ended with this sentence: “This day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne (of whom the nick-word came up among us for “Arise Tom Newburne”) is dead of eating Cowcoumbers, of which the other day, I heard another, I think Sir Nich. Crisps son.” The poisonous nature of cucumbers was new to me (and to think my wife has been feeding them to me for years!), but so was the spelling cowcoumbers. Checking with the OED, I found the following etymology:
[In Wyclif’s form cucumer, app. directly from L.; in cocomber, cucumber, etc., a. obs. F.cocombre (in 13th c. coucombre, now concombre) = Pr. cogombre, It. cocomero, early ad. L. cucumer-em (nom. cucumis) cucumber.
The spelling cowcumber prevailed in the 17th and beg. of 18th c.; its associated pronunciation (‘kaʊkʌmbə(r)) was still that recognized by Walker; but Smart 1836 says ‘no well-taught person, except of the old school, now says cow-cumber.. although any other pronunciation.. would have been pedantic some thirty years ago’.]
This kind of change in linguistic fashion is fascinating: who started saying K(Y)OO- instead of COW-, and why, and why did it catch on so quickly and universally? Surely not anti-cow prejudice?
In Martin Chuzzlewit, I believe it’s Mrs. Gamp who is exceedingly fond of “cowcumbers.” I always assumed from context that Dickens used that pronunciation to indicate a lack of education.
I first saw this spelling in Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy: ‘Among herbs to be eaten, I find gourds, cowcumbers, coleworts, melons, disallowed, but especially cabbage. It causeth troublesome dreams, and sends up black vapours to the brain.’
“Arise Tom Newburne” was what stumped me. Zero Googles.
I bet those particular cowcumbers that Mr. Newburne died of were in fact spoiled. As for the pronunciation shift, my guess is that the “cow” pronunciation is a product of the Great Vowel Shift of [u] to [au], and the “kyoo” pronunciation was the result of restoring the Latinate spelling.
Folk names for plants can hang on a lot longer than you’d think. JRRT uses “nasturtians” in The Fellowship of the Ring;see this page for details including an excerpt from Tolkien’s letter defending it.
Here’s the passage, from “A Long-Expected Party”:
Hmm… I read an article some time ago, and googlable details escape me, but apparently in the 17th-18th centuries, dyspepsia was considered an often-fatal disease. It was usually treated with leeching, cupping, and bleeding, strong emetics, doses of mercury or arsenic, and laudanum.
Needless to say, not every sufferer survived the cure. It was a great medical mystery how a simple case of gas could so quickly become life-threatening despite rapid and aggressive treatment. I’ve no idea if that’s what did in Mr. Newburne.
Gourds: [Supposition] They lie on the ground growing, open to human induced feces of farmyard and potty, along with wild animal or bird quano. Nature be what it is, will under the good growing laboratory conditions, will occasionaly create a way for the eater of said gourd to be eliminated, so cleanliness is required to wash thy gherkin, cowcumber, Marrow, melon, or any fruit as not every human has the correct processing system to remove dangerous poisonous substances.
Pototoe, how many people eat the flower, leaves or eyes of said spud, and how many of those that ate, stayed around to have more french fries. How many know it be a good way to remove your unloving partner.
Strangely the Tater leaf is not boiled, to make a nice cuppa or a broth, yet how many know the reason why.
Not all foods be good for all, there is always exceptions, take the lowly peanut, now removed from the freebie list of flying time fillers.
If thy be feeling funny, an [approx] hour after thy ate, check out reason why. Some results be obvious, the rejection tells you why but the minor upsets be more suttle.
How about the following for a specious etymology? — OE. cu, cow; with OE. cumbor (cumbol), sign, standard, banner. Rather a shame it’s wrong, don’t you think?
Even so, the shift from ‘cu’ to ‘cow’ is well accounted for by OE cu. The Latinate reanalysis crew restored the ‘cu’, but it was subsequently pronounced [kju] in accordance with the ME sound shifts. That’s my hypothesis.
The Latinate reanalysis crew restored the ‘cu’
I guess it seems odd to me that such a homely word could be affected by the Latinate reanalysis crew. But so it seems to have been.
In the 1979 Polanski film Tess (as in “of the D’Urbevilles”), I recall a rustic type remarking to the title character something like “Life i’n’t a cowcumber frame” which I took to mean, approximately, “life isn’t a hothouse”. It stuck in my mind because I hadn’t heard “cowcumber” before. I had taken it for a regionalism.
Oddly, I noticed the “cowcumbers” a few days ago too. The sentence is a masterpiece in itself, although I have no idea why “forarse” should be rendered as “arise.” Cucumbers can be bitter, especially at the ends, and, after all, they are tropical plants, exotic to the temperate climes.
“Forarse” was the reading of the older (out-of-copyright) edition the website is based on; the newer Latham edition has “Arise,” presumably based on closer attention to Pepys’ MS.
Also mentioned in Anne of Avonlea, by Lucy Maude Montgomery, as something had for tea.
Nice to see this thread revived after a decade!
something had for tea
Which, cowcumbers or forarse?
Letter to The Spectator, March 11, 1893.
I’ll have to try to remember to say “Obleege me by passing the cowcumber.” But what’s the deal with “violets”/“vilets”? Did everyone use a conspicuous three-syllable pronunciation? I don’t remember hearing “vi-oh-lets” more than a few times in my life.
Three syllables for me.
Huh. Maybe a trans-Atlantic thing? I just asked my wife, and she thinks she says it “somewhere in between,” not quite either bi- or trisyllabic. Which is probably common on this side of the pond.
It is funny, in English for me “vioLINS” is always tri-syllabic (the word véidhlìn is bi-syllabic in Irish) but VIOlence is usually bi-syllabic. In the ditty “roses are red..”, violets should be bi-syllabic for the metre.
I remember
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Niesewand
reporting from Rhodesia-as-was on the BBC; apart from his very striking near-albino paleness, what I chiefly remember is his disyllabic pronunciation of “violence” (a word which came up all too often in his dispatches.)
And how do you pronounce Niesewand? (In the UK, I mean, not ZA.)
Incidentally, anyone interested in the Jackal (and who has several hours to spare) should check out Olivier Assayas’ Carlos. Very convincing performances and historical recreations.
I say /’nizəvʌnt/, but it’s an Afrikaner name, and when speaking English, I usually endeavour to pronounce non-English proper names as close to the original as possible without introducing sounds or phonotactics not found in my own English idiolect. (Except Welsh names, which I pronounce as in Welsh.)
OK, I shouldn’t have said “you”: how does the man on the Clapham omnibus say it?
Alas, I have never asked him.
(It’s a long while since Peter Niesewand was in the news.)
I shall be in Llundain for a wedding in a couple of weeks. Perhaps I may find an opportunity for some fieldwork.
The trisyllabic violets I was taught basically prevented me from noticing it’s supposed to have a consistent metre.
The o is nowhere to be found in German, however: Veilchen (always with [f]-).
But OHG fiol and MHG viol. And in Modern German there is the colour violett.(always [v]-).
Oh. That… I don’t know how that works, actually. Passed back and forth between different dialects several times? Or perhaps a specifically North Bavarian form???
Yes (I’m not sure if I’ve heard a few exceptions); 2 or 3 syllables depending on the local tolerance for vowel clusters.