Dostoevsky’s Worst Novel.

If you google the phrase “Dostoevsky’s worst novel” (with quotes, because otherwise it defaults to telling you about his best novels), the reply is unambiguous: The Insulted and Injured [Униженные и оскорбленные]. I’ve read three of the four parts, and I’m here to tell you that that judgment is faultless; if it hadn’t been by Dostoevsky, I’d have given up after a few chapters. It starts with a fine passage, mind you: Ivan, a struggling writer, tells how a year ago he saw an old man and a dog going into an eatery, followed them in, and witnessed a scene that ended with the ragged old Jeremiah Smith dying on a Petersburg street. Unfortunately, he then moves into the late Smith’s wretched top-floor apartment, meets his granddaughter Elena (aka Nelly), saves her from prostitution, and acts as go-between for his love Natasha and her parents, whom she left to live with the foolish young Alyosha, whose father, Prince Valkovsky, wants him to marry the heiress Katya… In short, it gallops straight into melodrama and never looks back. There are the pure of heart, who are crushed (or, if you like, insulted and injured) by the mustache-twirling villain, and there is the improbably simple-minded author/narrator, who tells us the tale, with frequent cliffhangers and repetitions of “I’ll tell you all about it… but not right now.”

I’m exaggerating for effect; naturally, since it’s Dostoevsky there are many good things, culminating (as far as I’ve read) in a splendidly malicious rant by the prince at the end of the third part. I’ll probably provide an update when I finish it, with whatever more mature judgment I reach. But at the moment I want to point to a couple of things of linguistic interest.


Back in 2009 I posted about Russian pronoun usage, specifically changing from vy [polite ‘you’] to ty [intimate ‘you’], and there’s a passage (in Part 3, chapter 5) about exactly that. The good-hearted but empty-headed Alyosha bids farewell first to his sort-of-beloved Natasha and then to his acquaintance Ivan (for which the diminutive is Vanya):

“Goodbye, Natasha, goodbye my darling, my forever-beloved. Goodbye, Vanya [using ty form and diminutive]. Oh, good lord, I called you [vy] Vanya by mistake. Listen, Ivan Petrovich, I love you [vy] — why can’t we be informal? Let’s call each other ty.”

“Yes, let’s.”

“Thank god! It’s come into my head a hundred times, but I’ve somehow never dared to tell you [vy] about it. Look, I’ve used vy again. But it’s very hard to say ty. Tolstoy depicts that very well somewhere: two people promise to use ty with each other, but they can’t do it and keep avoiding using any phrase that would involve a pronoun. Natasha, let’s reread Childhood and Boyhood; it’s so good!”

– Прощай, Наташа, прощай, возлюбленная ты моя, – вечная моя возлюбленная! Прощай, Ваня! Ах, боже мой, я вас нечаянно назвал Ваней; послушайте, Иван Петрович, я вас люблю – зачем мы не на ты. Будем на ты.

– Будем на ты.

– Слава богу! Ведь мне это сто раз в голову приходило. Да я все как-то не смел вам сказать. Вот и теперь вы говорю. А ведь это очень трудно ты говорить. Это, кажется, где-то у Толстого хорошо выведено: двое дали друг другу слово говорить ты, да и никак не могут и все избегают такие фразы, в которых местоимения. Ах, Наташа! Перечтем когда-нибудь «Детство и отрочество»; ведь как хорошо!

I like the nod from one great writer to another!

Also, during the prince’s rant he says:

I can get a part of that same pleasure for myself, suddenly dumbfounding some Schiller or other [i.e., a member of the foolishly idealistic younger generation he’s been mocking], sticking out my tongue at him when he least expects it. “Dumbfounding” — what a funny little word! I read it somewhere in your contemporary literature.

Вот часть-то этого самого удовольствия и можно находить, внезапно огорошив какого-нибудь Шиллера и высунув ему язык, когда он всего менее ожидает этого. “Огорошив” — каково словечко? Я его вычитал где-то в вашей же современной литературе.

The word I’ve translated as “dumbfounding” could also be rendered “taking aback” or “disconcerting”; the Russian verb is огорошить [ogoróshit’], of uncertain etymology, and the first cite for it in the Национальный корпус русского языка is from the 1840s (“Вот как огорошила!” [М. Н. Загоскин, Москва и москвичи]), so it was indeed a recent addition to the language. Dostoevsky was very fond of it; here’s a sampling of occurrences:

Он припомнил потом ясно, что ему ужасно захотелось в ту минуту «вполне убедиться», проломил он череп старику или только «огорошил» его пестиком по темени? [Ф. М. Достоевский. Братья Карамазовы (1880)]
Страшное обвинение, господа, точно по лбу огорошили! [Ф. М. Достоевский. Братья Карамазовы (1880)]
Но мне так вдруг захотелось тогда его огорошить! [Ф. М. Достоевский. Подросток (1875)]
Интрига душила меня, но не мог же я так прямо огорошить и подкосить Анну Андреевну. [Ф. М. Достоевский. Подросток (1875)]
Я знаю наверное, я это твердо заметил, ― ей было приятно, выслушав и раздражив меня до боли, вдруг меня огорошить какою-нибудь выходкою величайшего презрения и невнимания. [Ф. М. Достоевский. Игрок (1866)]
огорошить его в самое темя каким-нибудь самым роковым и опасным вопросом; так ли? [Ф. М. Достоевский. Преступление и наказание (1866)]
Мне, напротив, следовало бы сначала усыпить подозрения ваши, и виду не подать, что я об этом факте уже известен; отвлечь, этак, вас в противоположную сторону, да вдруг, как обухом по темени (по вашему же выражению), и огорошить: «А что, дескать, сударь, изволили вы в квартире убитой делать в десять часов вечера, да чуть ли еще и не в одиннадцать? [Ф. М. Достоевский. Преступление и наказание (1866)]
Ты знал мой характер, до исступления меня довести хотел, а потом и огорошить вдруг попами да депутатами… [Ф. М. Достоевский. Преступление и наказание (1866)]
Для того ли, чтоб сразу приучить жертву к дальнейшим ударам, по тому расчету, что после очень трудного удара уже не так мучительны покажутся легкие, или тут просто желание пофорсить перед жертвой, задать ей страху, огорошить ее с первого раза, что понимала она, с кем дело имеет, показать себя, одним словом. [Ф. М. Достоевский. Записки из Мертвого дома (1862)]

The other author who seems to have been particularly fond of it was Saltykov-Shchedrin, who had recently used it in Губернские очерки (1856-1857): “Во-первых, эти слова очищают воздух от тлетворных испарений, которые оставляет за собой губернский аристократ, а во-вторых, они огорошивают самого аристократа, который поспешно подбирает распущенный хвост, и из нахального индюка становится хоть на время скромною индейкой…” That could well be where the prince picked it up.

Comments

  1. Old Times Russia published memoirs of A.M.Turgenev where he explains ogoroshit’ as a modified term of art for some unsavory technique used in criminal interrogation (he explains what it means, but I cannot quite understand it. Something like nailing down the foot of the person under investigation, maybe). The claim in the memoirs is that this particular part was written in 1831 (they were published a good half-century later). Ogoroshit’ makes no immediate sense in this context and probably was an extended sense of something yet to be unearthed. Hail Google books!

  2. Hail Google books!

    Indeed! I’m just sorry (and that’s a weak word) that they gave up the digitization project.

  3. No help at all to explain the meaning but a nice pun on огорошить & горох

    http://razdrazhe.ru/komiks-34

  4. I actually find a link to горох (which was the first thing that came into my head when I learned the word) more likely than Vasmer’s “Возм., от огороди́ть.” I mean, come on, how is that even supposed to work?

  5. I though огорошить might be related to горошить, but wanted to check the meaning of the latter first – google translates it as ” to embroider” but I couldn’t confirm or even find it in any other online dictionary – dic.academic.ru doesn’t have an entry but I can find webpages relating to rabbits (in which case the meaning would appear obvious) and grapes.

    I also came across the following on Google books
    From Этимологический словарь современного русского языка. 6500 слов
    – М. Свиридова (2014) : огорошить – “от собственно русского от горошить от горох от сыпать как горох “быстро и непонятно говорить”” and dates the word XIV – XVI centuries

    Google books also has
    Русско-французскій словарь, въ которомъ русскія слова расположены по происхожденію, или, Этимологическій лексиконъ русскаго языка: А-О (1835)
    which has an entry thus:
    горошить, II.s огорошить v.a. pop. blammer, reprendre, reprocher en presence de qqu un; offenser , outrager, mortifier

  6. One of the links on dic.academic.ru explains the etymology огорошить thus:

    Историк С. М. Соловьев объяснял, что «слово ” огорошить“ произошло от обычая обсыпать горохом боярина, завравшегося за столом царя» (Лебедев В. А. Из жизни Ф. И. Буслаева; цит. по: Русск. старина, 1908, январь, с. 69).

    This seems highly implausible, but is certainly amusing.

  7. Since Erik at XIX век has requested a follow-up, I’ll say that the end is just as silly as everything that came before (I read it to my wife, whom I’d been updating on the plot, and she said “That’s it?!”), and I still have no idea what formal reason there was, if any, for the constant jumping back and forth in time by the narrator, which made it even harder to follow the convoluted plot.

    I was delighted to see that Joseph Frank (who calls it “by far the weakest of Dostoevsky’s six major post-Siberian novels”) agrees with me that “the finest scene in the book” is the “treacherously villainous” prince’s extended rant to the narrator: “Elevating the theme of egoism to its full metaphysical dimension, Dostoevsky here momentarily lifts his soap opera plot to a new height of dignity by covertly fusing the theme of egoism with that of radical ideology, at last striking the vein that will soon provide him with a new source of inspiration.”

    I was also interested to see Frank say “Prince Valkovsky is so stagey and melodramatic an aristocratic villain that it is difficult for us now to take him at all seriously, but our reaction is not that of Dostoevsky’s initial readers, who considered the prince a plausible and familiar social type.” It shows you how immersed in Russian nineteenth-century fiction and history I’ve been that I didn’t doubt at all that he was a plausible and familiar social type (as are, for that matter, the rent-demanding landlords of melodramatic plays) — I just thought his presence in this literary text was a cheap and overworked device.

    But again, my putdown in the post was deliberately one-sided; there’s a lot to enjoy in the book, and I’m glad I read it.

Trackbacks

  1. […] Dostoevskii ones in English. I’ll be curious what else Languagehat has to say about it after this post (personally I love how over-the-top the “mustache-twirling villain” is), which picks up on an […]

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