languagehat.com

A discussion of literature by Jorge Mario Bergoglio (as was) includes this nice bit on his compatriot:

When I think of literature, I am reminded of what the great Argentinean writer Jorge Luis Borges used to tell his students, namely that the most important thing is simply to read, to enter into direct contact with literature, to immerse oneself in the living text in front of us, rather than to fixate on ideas and critical comments. Borges explained this idea to his students by saying that at first they may understand very little of what they are reading, but in any case they are hearing “another person’s voice”. This is a definition of literature that I like very much: listening to another person’s voice. We must never forget how dangerous it is to stop listening to the voice of other people when they challenge us!

That resonates with me as well; I enjoy a good analysis of a literary text, but the primary pleasure and benefit is that of simply listening to it.

Stu Clayton pointed me to the DNB entry on Mark Ridley, who led an interesting life:

Ridley, Mark (b. 1560, d. in or before 1624), physician and writer on magnetism, was born on 2 August 1560, and baptized on 18 August, at Stretham, Cambridgeshire, the second son of the six children of Lancelot Ridley (d. 1576), rector of Stretham, and his wife, Mary. Having matriculated as a pensioner from Clare College, Cambridge, at Easter 1577, he graduated BA in 1581 and MA in 1584. On 25 September 1590 he was licensed by the College of Physicians to practise medicine, and from 26 June 1592 he is shown in the annals of the college as MD. On 28 May 1594 he was admitted as a fellow of the college, having been appointed the day before by Queen Elizabeth to serve the tsar of Russia, Feodor Ivanovich, who had written to the queen requesting the services of an English physician. William Cecil, Lord Burghley, was instrumental in the appointment.

Ridley remained in Moscow for five years. Another of the tsar’s physicians in 1594–7, simultaneously with him, was Baldwin Hamey the elder. Following the death of Tsar Feodor on 7 January 1598 Ridley was appointed to the service of his successor, Boris Godunov. At the request of Queen Elizabeth, however, he was given leave to return to England in 1599 and was present in London at a meeting of the College of Physicians held on 1 October that year. […] Ridley’s scientific interests extended beyond medical matters into magnetism, a subject on which he published two books: A Short Treatise of Magneticall Bodies and Motions (1613) and Magneticall Animadversions: made by Marke Ridley, doctor in physicke, upon certaine magneticall advertisements, lately published, from Maister William Barlow (1617). […]

I’ll pass over the accusation of plagiarism and get to the part of Hattic interest:

To Ridley are attributed two manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (MSS Laud misc. 47a and 47b): one is a Russian-English dictionary containing 7203 entries, entitled ‘A dictionarie of the vulgar Russe tongue‘, the other an English-Russian dictionary (8113 entries), entitled ‘A dictionarie of the Englishe before the vulger Russe tonnge‘. The attribution depends primarily on comparison with an inscription by Ridley on the flyleaf of a Russian printed book (now in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge), presented by him in 1599 to Thomas Neville, dean of Canterbury and master of Trinity College. Being composed of words collected from the vernacular and uninfluenced by church Slavonic, the dictionaries often anticipate the evidence of other sources. They are not only the earliest dictionaries of Russian words with English equivalents, but also the first Russian dictionaries of any kind in the full sense, that is to say, arranged alphabetically and with the Russian words written in Cyrillic letters. A rudimentary Russian grammar on the first eight folios of the Russian-English dictionary is the earliest recorded. Both dictionaries also contain specialized vocabularies of words for birds, fishes, plants, and diseases.

A Dictionarie of the Vulgar Russe Tongue: Edited from the Late-sixteenth-century Manuscripts by Gerald Stone was published in 1996 and is available on Amazon for a mere $53.88 (Other Used from $53.88). Thanks, Stu!

The omnivorous Bathrobe sent me these links:

1) How to Choose the Best Translation of the Iliad.

John Prendergast writes:

The one and only Iliad of Homer, the primordial, Western masterpiece of epic adventure about a pivotal battle during the Trojan War should transport readers through the mind of its long-dead composer to an earlier world, where heroes and heroines perform glorious deeds that have lived forever after in our collective memory, and where gods are indivisible from natural things. How well readers become transported depends on the quality and fidelity of translation. But how do you decide which translation of the Iliad to choose? Are you really reading what Homer said? Comparing the words of one against those of another leaves a reader blind. Choice must rely on taste or on which one seems to sound better. This critique is intended to open the eyes and reveal the quality and fidelity of eleven leading English translations by comparing passages from each to the original Homeric Greek.

2) MachineTranslation.com by Tomedes. Bathrobe writes:

It’s a site that compares translations by online machine translation services (such as Google Translate, DeepL, etc.), and gives each translation a score (by which they are then ranked). You can choose from quite a range of languages to translate from and to. I thought it was rather interesting.

Thanks, Bathrobe!

I was investigating the word gandoura ‘A long, loose gown worn mainly in the Near East and North Africa’ (OED) because its Russian equivalent гандура (or rather гондура, which sounds the same in standard Russian) shows up in the epilogue to Bely’s chef d’oeuvre Petersburg (see this 2010 post); the OED says “< Algerian Arabic gandūra, classical Arabic ḳandūra, and Wikipedia gives the Arabic form as قندورة (although Arabic Wikipedia has كندورة — what’s up with that?).

But when I found it on p. 195 of The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary by Garland Hampton Cannon and Alan S. Kaye (Harrassowitz, 1994) I noticed a more interesting etymology just above it:

gamashes, pl. (1596) Cloth. (Archaic, Scotland) Infrequent var. gamash, sing. + 10 [MF gamaches, pl. < OProv garamacha, galamacha < OSP guadameci colored or embossed leather < Ar ghadāmasi of the Tripoli town of Gadàmes, where this ornate leather was produced] Leggings or gaiters worn by horseback riders.

The OED (entry revised 2013) agrees, adding “The forms gamashoes, gammashoes show alteration by folk-etymological association with shoes, plural of shoe n.” Great stuff; what puzzles me a bit is why the unstressed third syllable in ghadāmasi, with its short -a-, wound up stressed in the Romance forms. (For English, the OED gives British /ɡəˈmaʃ/ guh-MASH, U.S. /ɡəˈmæʃ/ guh-MASH.)

Hilaire Belloc was a nasty piece of work, but I have to agree with this reactionary lament (via Laudator Temporis Acti):

The first thing that so arises in my mind, my ignorant mind, is the soft, suffused air of delight evoked by the word ‘Livy.’ It is one of the very few left of those idiomatic English names, transformed from the Latin, which we can still boast.

Our fathers used to call Cicero ‘Tully,’ and we still talk of Ovid and of Virgil and of Horace. But for the most part the Latin names have broken back upon our tradition and have re-established themselves. It is an evil and the symptom of an evil; for an idiomatic form given to classical names betrays a familiar and intimate knowledge with the work for which they stand: makes them part of the furniture of an English house.

We can appreciate Roman culture without pretending that we’re Romans!

Hilary A Smith, Honorary Research Fellow (Linguistics) at Massey University, writes for The Conversation:

From the beginning of the 2025 school year, all schools [in New Zealand] will be required to use structured literacy – also known as “phonics” or the “science of reading” – to teach children how to read. But the very nature of this approach to reading could cause bilingual children to lose their second language.

Structured literacy teaches children to decode the relationships between sounds and letters. Readers use decoding to “sound out” words they don’t recognise.

But teaching children decoding in English is different from teaching reading in other languages, which have different sound systems. Losing these second languages will be to the detriment of students, with research repeatedly highlighting the benefits of bilingualism.

According to the 2018 Census, the four most common languages after English were te reo Māori, Samoan, Northern Chinese including Mandarin, and Hindi. These all have different sound systems, and in the case of Chinese or Hindi, their writing scripts represent sounds in a completely different way from the English alphabet.

There’s more, of course, but you get the general idea. Bathrobe, who sent me the link, says “I’m frankly left scratching my head over it,” and I have a similar reaction — how could phonics cause children to lose their second language? But he and I may be missing something. Fire away!

Back in the day, one of my favorite websites was Books and Writers, which had detailed and lively entries for just about any writer you might be interested in; I used to link to it often, e.g. for Walt Kelly in that stirrin’ thread The Hazy Yon (two decades ago!). I always wondered who was responsible for it; alas, the drifting dream is done: the URL vanished into the hazy yon years ago, and I’ve been substituting Internet Archive versions in old posts ever since. But I just discovered that some good people have created this archived version, with the notice:

This is an archive of a dead website. The original website was published by Petri Liukkonen under Creative Commons BY-ND-NC 1.0 Finland and reproduced here under those terms for non-commercial use. All pages are unmodified as they originally appeared; some links and images may no longer function. A .zip of the website is also available.

The list runs from Abdullah Achmed (“pseudonym of Alexander Nicholayevitch Romanoff”) to Zweig Stefan (“Austrian biographer, essayist, short story writer, and cosmopolitan”), and it is well worth your perusal. Belated thanks to Petri Liukkonen for conceiving it and putting it out there, and brand-new thanks to Green_Cardamom for creating the archive! (Oh, and kirjasto is the Finnish word for ‘library,’ “Coined by Finnish explorer, historian and author Carl Axel Gottlund in 1828.”)

Update. The site is now here; thanks, Dirk!

An Ezra Klein interview with Nate Silver (NYT; archived) starts as follows:

Nate Silver came to fame in American politics for election forecasting. But before Silver was in politics, he was a poker player. And after getting into politics, he went back to being a poker player. He’s been running through poker championships and out there on tables — partly because he’s been writing a book about risk.

I was baffled by the phrase “out there on tables,” and it’s not just me — my wife couldn’t figure it out either. I figure there are two likely explanations: 1) it’s sloppily written, or 2) it’s some current usage that we old codgers are unfamiliar with. (“You’re really out there on tables, man!”) Anybody know?

Also, as a public service: I ran across the name Christopher Wlezien recently (he’s Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin) and naturally wanted to know how the surname is pronounced. (It’s from the Polish name Wlezień, but of course it’s not going to be pronounced à la polonaise by an American.) Happily, there’s a brief video clip where he introduces himself, and it sounds to me like he’s saying /ˈwlɛʒən/, though I’m not sure about the initial /w/, which is very brief if it’s there. (Note that Heidi Wlezien says /ləˈziːn/, so Wlezien is a land of contrasts.)

Christine Smallwood has an essay in the Yale Review about being a freelance book reviewer which resonates with me on a number of levels. She starts by describing the magnificent top-floor duplex on West Sixty-Seventh Street where Elizabeth Hardwick did her own writing (“Next to the built-in bookshelves and requisite rolling ladder, swag curtains frame an enormous window, giving a the­atrical effect”), then transitions to her own less than grand situation:

My own desk is wedged into one corner of the bedroom I share with my husband, behind the children’s trampoline, between a hulking armoire and an ugly IKEA thing exploding with file boxes and rolls of scribbled-on paper that I really ought to throw away. Cairns of books are at my feet. If I turn my head just so I can glimpse a cluster of grocery bags brimming with toys and still more books, which I plan, someday, to sell or give away. Sometimes I pile the bags on top of each other to reduce their footprint, and when they threaten to topple, spread them out again.

What interests me about the photographs of Hardwick’s living room is that they provide evidence of the environment in which a brilliant and original mind worked. The couch on which she sat when she thought about Donne or Melville expressed a sensibility, but it also incubated one. On my way to my own desk, I catch a glimpse of the bags filled with crap. Whether or not I acknowledge it, the crap is always buried in the piece. Sometimes it rises right to the top.

[Read more…]

Monica Madeja of NBC Boston News reported last year on a word that’s new to me but seems (unfortunately) useful enough it should spread:

We see it over and over again, trucks stuck or smashed on the roads along the Charles River. Simply put they’re “storrowed.” A phrase that’s become so common, it’s become a part of the vernacular in the Boston area.

“One of the great things about the English language is how incredibly flexible it is,” said Dr. Mary Dockray-Miller an English and Humanities professor at Lesley University in Cambridge. Dr. D, as her students call her, examines the way we talk and says people take pride in words that define where they’re from … especially in Boston. “We’re Bostonian,” she said, “We know what this means we use it. And in doing so in a way we’re making fun of all those outsiders who are actually the ones who are doing the storrowing.”

The state is trying to stop the messes and embarrassment that result when a driver isn’t paying attention on roads with low bridges, so they’ve put up new, reflective “cars-only” signs around troublesome areas like Storrow Drive.

Via MetaFilter, where you can see a photo of a massive wind turbine blade knocked off a truck on Route 1 in Maine.