languagehat.com

I may have mentioned that my wife and I are rereading Barchester Towers, and in Ch. XXXIV (“Oxford—The Master and Tutor of Lazarus”) there occurs this passage:

“But perhaps Mr. Slope may have no objection to see his patron on a rock,” said the suspicious tutor.

“What could he get by that?” asked Mr. Arabin.

“It is impossible to see the doubles of such a man,” said Mr. Staple.

Does anyone have any idea what Trollope means by “the doubles”?

Ben Yagoda has an enlightening Not One-Off Britishisms post about the pronunciation of the word primer:

I’m not speaking about the preliminary coat of paint but the word defined by Merriam-Webster as “a small book for teaching children to read; a small introductory book on a subject; a short informative piece of writing.” The dictionary gives the American pronunciation as rhyming with “dimmer,” and British as rhyming with “climber.” (Which is how both countries pronounce the paint thing.) […]

As explained by Anne Curzan and Rebecca Kruth in their radio feature “That’s What They Say,”

The “primmer” pronunciation came into English from the Latin term “primarius” which meant “first.” This word can be traced back in written forms of English to the late 1300s. It originally referred to a Christian prayer book for laypeople (as opposed to clergy) that was often used to teach reading. By the 1500s, there are versions of these books that are only used to teach children to read.

In Britain, they go on, the “prye-mer” pronunciation emerged in the nineteenth century and became the dominant one in the twentieth, but “primmer” held on in the U.S.

Until recently, that is. On Facebook, I asked people how they pronounced the word and the results were illuminating. For the most part, it broke down by age: most of the people over 60 said “primmer,” and most under 60, “prye-mer.” The only non-American who responded was an English woman who has lived in the U.S. for some decades, and who said, “I don’t recall ever hearing ‘primmer.’” Of course, the word doesn’t come up that much.

I, of course (being a Yank well over 60), say “primmer,” and once upon a time I had the itch to correct people who pronounced it as if it were a coat of paint, but happily long years of promoting descriptivist attitudes (in myself as well as among the general public) have quelled the urge. Let the young folks say it as they like, and if it makes me twitch, well, it’s good not to sit still all the time.
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I was recently listening to an interview (in French) with an actress who used the expression quand même in just about every sentence, and it almost seemed as if it had a different meaning each time she used it, so I decided to find out what was going on and googled up this useful site:

Used extensively—and almost exclusively—in spoken French, the expression quand même has a multitude of meanings.

1) To disregard an impediment
The original meaning is also the simplest: quand même is an adverbial phrase meaning something like “still” or “anyway” when you can’t, shouldn’t, or don’t want to do something. […]

2) Acknowledgement of an impediment
Related to the first meaning, quand même can indicate unexpected, contradictory, or adverse conditions. […]

3) Triumph over an impediment
Quand même can succinctly reference the overcoming of adversity. […]

4) Emphasis
Informally, quand même can be used for emphasis. […]

5) Interjection
Quand même can indicate a strong reaction like surprise, disbelief, or outrage. I think this is the trickiest to understand, and hesitate to use it for fear of being misunderstood. […]

6) Rhetorical question / Disbelief
Quand même with a future construction indicates that whatever you’re thinking about doing is probably not a good idea. […]

7) Acknowledgement
Recognition of effort or a saving grace. […]

Those summaries aren’t much use without examples; fortunately, the site has loads of them, which I have elided with ellipses. Perhaps my favorite is the slogan on a 1914 poster:

France toujours ! France quand même !

Unrelated, but this MetaFilter post says:

Stuck in a World of Twin Languages and 600 Pronouns tells the story of a dimension-hopping linguist trying to understand and survive a language spoken by intelligent and/or cybernetic palm trees. Each chapter brings new orthographic and societal horrors. And yes, there’s a tonal variant, since creator ZeWei has experience making songs with conlangs.

Someone who likes videos more than I do might want to check it out. (And if you think it’s so good I should watch it despite my reluctance, let me know!)

The Athletic section of the NY Times is doing a series of articles I can’t resist. It began last Monday with Villans, Cherries, Toffees and Tractor Boys: The origins of English football club nicknames (archived), which begins:

What’s in a nickname? That is a question The Athletic will be answering this week as we trace the origins of football clubs’ monikers in England, Germany, Italy, France, Spain and the rest of the world.

They start with Arsenal, whose nickname “the Gunners” comes (as every schoolboy knows) from “the club being formed by a group of 15 workers from the Royal Arsenal munitions factory in Woolwich,” and proceed through the rest of the Premier League (I did not know Nottingham Forest was called, inter alia, the Garibaldis); then they drop down to the lower leagues, my favorites of which are of course Stockport County and Luton Town, both called the Hatters.

The second entry, on French nicknames (archived), is full of boring color names (Les Noirs et Blancs, Les Bleus et Blancs, Les Rouges et Blancs, and for variety Les Verts), but there are some pretty good ones: LOSC Lille are Les Dogues (The Mastiffs), and Montpellier Herault SC are La Paillade (the name of a district in Montpellier). Much better are the German ones (archived): Bayern Munich are Die Rekordmeister, FC Hollywood, and Bestia Negra (for beating Real Madrid more often than any other side from outside Spain), Augsburg are Die Fuggerstadter, Bochum are Die Unabsteigbaren (the undescendables, because they held onto their Bundesliga status for 22 seasons), Bayer Leverkusen are Die Werkself (the factory eleven), Borussia Monchengladbach are Die Fohlen (the Foals), and Freiburg are Die Breisgau-Brasilianer (the Breisgau Brazilians, because they were accomplished and watchable in the ’90s).
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It occurred to me to wonder why we use hubris rather than hybris as the anglicization of Greek ὕβρις, so of course I went to the OED. Alas, the entry is from 1933 and doesn’t address the issue, but it does say “compare hybris n.” So it turns out there’s a word hybris (entry also from 1933), whose definition is “=hubris n.”! Why on earth are there two separate entries? For what it’s worth, here are the first citations for each, though I’m sure they can be antedated:

1884 Boys of good family, who have always been toadied, and never been checked, who are full of health and high spirits, develop what Academic slang knows as hubris, a kind of high-flown insolence.
Daily News 28 October (Ware)

1920 During one of these the oppressor, possessed of place and power, imagined in his hybris, that he might extend his arm across the ocean.
Public Opinion 27 August 195/2

The etymology of the Greek word has been considered mysterious; a new suggestion by Romain Garnier and Benoît Sagot (in their paper A shared substrate between Greek and Italic) was quoted by PlasticPaddy in this comment:

5.1.2 Gr. ὕβρις ‘arrogance, haughtiness, etc.’

Gr. ὕβρις [f.] ‘arrogance, haughtiness, exorbitance, violence, offence, abuse’, at-
tested from Homer on, is mentioned by Chantraine et al. (2009: 1110) as being
without etymology and by Beekes (2010: 1524–1525) as having “no certain explanation”. Yet Chantraine indicates that “some Hellenists have probably thought of comparing this word with ὑπέρ, which would be semantically satisfactory but remains impossible.”

We believe this comparison actually holds. We start from the PIE adverb *(h₁)upér-i ‘above’ (cf. Ved. upári ‘id.’ and Ger. über < Com. Germ. *uβeri ‘id.’). Applying the Verner-like lenition followed by the systematic barytonesis, such an adverb would yield Substr. *úβeri. Once borrowed as Com. Gr. *húberi, this adverb could have served as the basis for the Hom. Gr. present participle ὑβρίζων, -οντος ‘who exhibits an overbearing spirit or demeanour’ after dactylisation, whence Classical Gr. ὑβρίζω ‘to outrage, insult, maltreat’. In turn, this participle could have yielded a derived noun ὑβριστής ‘arrogant person’. Gr. ὑβρίζων, -οντος would also have served as the basis for the back-formed noun ὕβρις.

Not convincing, but worth knowing about — thanks, PP!

Anatoly Vorobey wrote me as follows (I’ve added italics and a link):

I was looking up a sound change in Jespersen’s A Modern English Grammar, specifically the rounding of a after w: the way words like swap, war, watch, etc. switched from the vowel of bat to the vowel of bot. Apparently happened in the 17th-18th centuries post Shakespeare (he rhymes watch/match etc.) Before [k],[g] the change didn’t happen (whack etc.), and also before [m], but here Jespersen says:

In swam the only pronunciation known in England is [swæm], but in America [swɔm] may also be heard; this is the regular phonetic development, while [swæm] must be due to the analogy of other preterites: began, drank, etc.

I don’t think I’ve ever heard swam pronounced as “swom” by Americans or otherwise – have you ever heard any such thing?

I most certainly have not, and I was intrigued enough to post the question: have you heard [swɔm] for swam, or do you know of its existence?

I don’t usually post press releases, but this one from “Deep Vellum & Dalkey Archive” demonstrates such daring and ambition (in a realm that concerns me intimately) that I have to share it:

With the groundbreaking success of Mircea Cartarescu’s SOLENOID—a “towering work” (Dustin Illingworth, New York Times)—Miquel de Palol’s THE GARDEN OF SEVEN TWILIGHTS—“equal parts unwieldy and extraordinary” (Ben Hooyman, Los Angeles Review of Books)—and Luis Goytisolo’s ANTAGONY— “brilliant…daring” (Colm Tóibín, New York Review of Books)—Deep Vellum, together with the rejuvenated Dalkey Archive Press that merged with Deep Vellum in 2021, has demonstrated its affection for daring work of astonishing literary ambition. In the span of mere months, we published two groundbreaking novels written by living legends and annual Nobel contenders. But those books merely set the stage for what’s in store for 2025 and 2026 (and beyond!): the publication of translated works more ambitious than any that have been published by more traditional houses in decades past.

Starting in 2024, Max Lawton will share his vision and talent with Deep Vellum to translate, edit, and shepherd into English some of the world’s most exciting fiction and to cement the press’ reputation as the champion of maximalist literature in the Anglosphere––of the badass avant-garde masterpieces that would otherwise not be translated or published.

These masterpieces have come to Deep Vellum and to Lawton thanks to Andrei, a friend of the press and the founding steward of The Untranslated blog, the seminal reference for great books not yet available to English-speaking audiences. Andrei, a Russian-speaking book blogger from Eastern Europe, launched The Untranslated in 2013. He has described the idea for the blog as having come from reading Gravity’s Rainbow as an undergrad and wondering if there were similar works in other languages. As a PhD student of comparative literature, he became fascinated by the short reviews of untranslated books in the magazine World Literature Today––by the idea that you could tell the world about a book before it was translated. Andrei therefore dedicated his blog to reviewing significant literary works unavailable in English translation. Last year, he celebrated the 10th anniversary of The Untranslated, the ultimate Anglophone source for reviews of innovative literary works written in or translated into the eight languages other than English that Andrei can read. Deep Vellum owes a debt of gratitude to Andrei for discovering and championing all of these books; he was also instrumental in encouraging Lawton to undertake their translations.

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Somehow the resounding word Benbecula came up recently — it’s the name of an island of the Outer Hebrides — and I found the etymology interesting and tangled enough to share; from that Wikipedia article:

The first written record of the name is as “Beanbeacla” in 1449. The names Beinn nam Fadhla and Beinn na Faoghla are used in Scottish Gaelic today. All these names are assumed to derive from Peighinn nam Fadhla (pronounced [pʰe.ɪɲəmˈfɤːlˠ̪ə]) “pennyland of the fords” as the island is low-lying. Peighinn is very similar phonetically to the unstressed form of Beinn ([peɲ] “mountain”, and appears to have been subject to folk etymology or re-analysis, leading to the modern forms containing Beinn rather than Peighinn. Through a process of language assimilation, the [mˈfɤːlˠ̪ə] sequence has resulted in the modern pronunciation of [vɤːlˠ̪ə]. The spelling variations faola and fadhla are due to phonetic merger of /ɤ/ with /ɯ/ in certain Gaelic dialects. Spelling variants include: Beinn a’ Bhaoghla, Beinn na bhFadhla and Beinn nam Faola.

The second element is a loan from Norse vaðil(l) “ford” which was borrowed as Gaelic fadhail (genitive fadhla). Through the process of reverse lenition fadhla, with the ethnonymic suffix -ach has led to the formation of Badhlach “a person from Benbecula”.

Other interpretations that have been suggested over the years are Beinn Bheag a’ bhFaodhla, supposedly meaning the “little mountain of the ford”, Beinn a’ Bhuachaille, meaning “the herdsman’s mountain” and from Beinnmhaol, meaning “bare hill”.

Benbecula is pronounced /bɛnˈbɛkjʊlə/ ben-BEK-yuul-ə; even after reading all that, I’m still not clear on how it got its present form, with stressed BEK.

The odd word pennyland is interesting as well; OED (entry revised 2005):
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Bill Allan (Professor of Greek at Oxford) reports at the TLS on an exciting discovery:

Imagine for a moment that only eight of Shakespeare’s thirty-eight plays had survived intact – which ones would you hope had made it? How different would our view of Shakespeare be depending on your selection? That’s more or less where we are with Euripides (c.485–406 BCE), eighteen of whose works – seventeen tragedies and one satyr-play, a kind of mythological burlesque – have survived complete from an original ninety or so. (It is even worse with Aeschylus and Sophocles, the other star tragedians of classical Athens, of whose plays less than one in ten survive.) The qualification “more or less” is an important one, however, because various types of evidence throw light on the plays that have been lost: plot summaries, for example, or short quotations cited by other ancient writers. But these quotations tend to be pompous and moralizing passages that don’t tell us much about the drama as a whole.

That’s why the discovery of a fragmentary papyrus containing substantial sections (ninety-seven lines of Greek) of two plays of Euripides is such a big deal in the world of classics. Not well known before, the texts come from his Ino, a tale of jealousy, revenge, murder and suicide, and Polyidus, a play of miraculous resurrection and celebration. This is the most significant discovery of “new” tragedy in nearly sixty years.

The papyrus was excavated by a team from the Egyptian ministry of antiquities at the ancient necropolis of Philadelphia, south of Cairo, on November 19, 2022, and it has just been published (in late August) and classified as P. Phil. Nec 23. The fact that it has a legitimate provenance is noteworthy […]. The location is significant in itself. More than 70 per cent of so-called “literary papyri” (those containing works of ancient literature, rather than laundry lists and the like), and nearly half of those containing work by Euripides, come from the rubbish dumps of Oxyrhynchus […]. But this papyrus was buried, not thrown away, and since people are usually buried with items that were precious to them, it suggests the owner was an educated and literate woman, and a big fan of tragedy.

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I came across that wonderful word metheglin and thought “we must have discussed it at the Hattery,” but no, it seems it’s never been mentioned, so here it is; OED (entry revised 2001):

Now historical and regional.
A spiced or medicated variety of mead, originally esp. popular in Wales.

c1450 For the cough a p[re]cious drinke..is clepid mede eglyn and also wyne of tyrie..and this is the p[er]fite makynge.
in W. R. Dawson, Leechbook (1934) 88

1541 Metheglyn, whiche is moste used in Wales, by reason of hotte herbes boyled with hony, is hotter than meade.
T. Elyot, Castel of Helthe (new edition) 36
[…]

1620 If Rosemary, Hyssop, Time, Orgaine, and Sage, be first well boyled in the water, wherof you make the Metheglin, it will be the better.
T. Venner, Via Recta ii. 41
[…]

1887 Cambria’s old metheglin demon Breathed against our rushing tide.
G. Meredith, Ballads & Poems 105

1940 In the cellars of the monasteries the butlers were tapping new and old ale, mead, port,..beer, metheglyn, perry, [etc.].
T. H. White, Ill-made Knight xxv. 163

1975 The colonists also followed the British tradition of fermenting honey with yeast to make a drink called mead or metheglin.
L. Perl, Slumps, Grunts, & Snickerdoodles xv. 114

The etymology:

< Welsh meddyglyn (13th cent. in sense ‘medicine, potion, elixir’; 14th cent. in sense ‘a drink of (esp. spiced) mead’) < meddyg healer, doctor (13th cent.; < classical Latin medicus medic n.¹) + llyn liquor (see linn n.¹ [1. A torrent running over rocks; a cascade, waterfall; 2. A pool, esp. one into which a cataract falls]).

Notes
The sense-development in Welsh is influenced by the reinterpretation of the first element of the word as being connected with medd mead n.¹, an interpretation which may also be reflected in the form in quot. c1450 at main sense. The English form was reborrowed into Welsh in the non-medicinal sense in the 18th cent.

The 17th-cent. forms Mathew Glinn, Mathew Glynne, Matthewglin, Matthew Glinn are alterations, by folk etymology, after the male forename Matthew, compare:

1637 Matthew Glinn..is generally received by the History of Monmoth, to be the Author’s name of this Mellifluous mixture; for this Matthew dwelling in a Valley (for so the word Glinn imports Englished from the Welsh) being master of a very great stocke of Bees, and wanting vent for the issue of their labours, in an abundant yeare betooke himselfe..to his study [etc.].
J. Taylor, Drinke & Welcome sig. A3

The stress is on the second syllable: /mᵻˈθɛɡlɪn/ muh-THEG-lin (although there are apparently Brits who, in their lamentable ignorance of the Welsh, say /ˈmɛθəɡlɪn/ METH-uh-glin). I hadn’t been aware of the delightful folk etymology.